秸秆覆盖与灌水深度对湘南晚稻产量、米质与水分利用的影响

为构建和完善湘南晚稻高产高效栽培技术体系,以‘丰源优299’为试验材料,在衡阳县开展大田试验比较研究了晚稻在不同秸秆覆盖(覆盖或不覆盖)和不同灌水深度(5 cm和10 cm)条件下的产量、稻米品质和水分利用效率。结果表明:深灌处理分蘖较多,但成穗率较低;深灌处理最大叶面积指数较大,但孕穗后降幅也较大;秸秆覆盖处理地上部干物重小于不覆盖处理,而浅灌与深灌处理干物质积累差异不大;秸秆覆盖与不覆盖处理间产量差异不大,而浅灌处理较深灌处理产量显著增加,增幅为4.2%~4.6%,处理间产量差异主要由有效穗数差异所致;灌溉深度和秸秆覆盖对稻米加工品质无影响,但浅灌可在一定程度上改善稻米外观品质和食味品质,而秸秆覆盖使稻米外观品质和食味品质降低;浅灌可显著提高稻田水分利用效率,而秸秆覆盖作用较小。可见,本试验条件下,秸秆覆盖对湘南晚稻作用较小,而浅水灌溉可达到增产、提质与提高水分利用效率的目的。     

内蒙古玉米机械粒收质量及其影响因素研究

2013～2017年在内蒙古开展9组机械粒收品种筛选与技术集成示范,共获得97个品种/组合139个品次样本数据。收获时采取机械粒收测产方式对其中6组试验进行产量和收获质量测试,结果表明,收获时子粒破碎率均值为9.89%,产量总损失率均值为5.77%,高于国标(GBT-21961—2008)规定≤5%的要求。子粒含水率均值为26.78%,含水率与破碎率、杂质率呈显著正相关。按子粒含水率和单产水平2个指标采用双向平均法作图进行品种分类,对97个供试品种/组合进行初步筛选,吉单66等15个品种表现出子粒含水率低、单产水平高的特点,适合机械粒收。     

陕西春玉米子粒含水率与机械粒收质量的关系分析

选择陕西灌溉春玉米区主栽品种12个,2016～2017年在陕西榆林玉米试验站用约翰迪尔收割机子粒机收,调查分析玉米粒收质量指标与子粒水分的关系。结果表明,机收质量指标品种间差异较大,变异系数在23.52%～109.8%;收获时子粒水分平均26.01%,杂质率1.02%,破碎率7.44%,田间产量损失率3.21%。机械粒收玉米破碎率、田间产量损失率与子粒水分均呈显著正相关。当子粒含水率低于25.4%时,破碎率和损失率分别低于8%和3%,符合国标要求,满足机械粒收质量要求。子粒破碎率高是影响陕西灌溉春玉米区机械粒收的关键质量问题,子粒含水率是影响机械粒收质量的主控因素。通过选择子粒脱水快和含水率低品种、合理安排收获时间能够保证陕西春玉米区机械粒收质量。     

Relationships among the chalkiness,kernel size and endosperm cell morphology of rice kernels at different spikelet positions within a panicle

The occurrence of chalky kernels in rice is causally related to kernel size and endosperm morphology. This study aimed to investigate the occurrence of chalky kernels by analyzing kernel size, and the number and area of endosperm cells. Spikelets were sampled from upper and middle primary branches and lower secondary branches in a panicle, and divided into four categories: upper, middle, and lower perfect (PF) kernels and lower milky-white (MW) kernels. On the lower secondary branches, there was a higher percentage of chalky kernels, with smaller kernel lengths, widths and thicknesses, than the kernels on the upper and middle primary branches. MW kernels were smaller in size than PF kernels even on the same lower secondary branches. Regardless of grain appearance quality traits, the total areas of endosperm cross sections in lower kernels were significantly smaller than in upper kernels owing to the decreased cell area, and there was a significant negative correlation between the number of cells and average cell area. When the numbers and the areas of cells were analyzed using angular 30° intervals from the line connecting the center point and the dorsal vascular bundle, the MW kernels had significantly less cells than PF kernels near the ventral side at 120–180°. Thus, the decrease in the number of cells near the ventral side was a main causal factor in the decrease in MW kernel widths compared with PF kernel widths, and this suggested that cell division in MW kernels was inhibited at the early grain-filling stage.     

不同饲料料型及投喂频率对斑点叉尾鮰幼鱼生长及肌肉品质的影响

本研究旨在探究不同饲料料型及投喂频率对斑点叉尾鮰(Ictalurus punctatus)生长及肌肉品质的影响。研究采用双因素试验设计,以饲料料型(膨化饲料,EF;颗粒饲料,PF)和投喂频率(2次/日,F2;3次/日,F3)为影响因素,共4个组,分别命名为EFF2、PFF2、EFF3和PFF3,每组3个平行,投喂8周,每天定时投喂两次(7:30和16:30)或3次(7:30, 12:00, 16:30)。结果显示,斑点叉尾鮰的末重和增重率受到投喂频率的影响,F2组显著高于F3组(P0.05);而饲料料型则对斑点叉尾鮰的生长无显著影响(P0.05)。颗粒饲料组的肌肉粗脂肪含量和内聚性、回复性显著低于膨化饲料组(P0.05),而硬度显著高于膨化饲料组(P0.05)。F3组的肌肉硬度、胶着性和咀嚼性则显著高于F2组(P0.05)。颗粒饲料组生肌调节因子5 (myogenic factor 5, Myf5)和肌肉生长抑制素(myostatin,MSTN)基因的相对表达量显著低于膨化饲料组(P0.05)。F3组肌肉中MSTN基因相对表达量显著高于F2组,而肌细胞生成素(myogenin,MyoG)基因相对表达量则呈现相反趋势。综上,投喂同种配方的膨化饲料和颗粒饲料对斑点叉尾鮰的生长效果相似,但是投喂颗粒饲料的斑点叉尾鮰硬度更大,而投喂膨化饲料则肌肉脂肪含量更高;斑点叉尾鮰的最佳投喂频率是每天2次。     

Physicochemical and Microbiological Changes in Dried Small-Spotted Catshark (Scyliorhynus canicula): Contributing to the Developing an Alternative Shark-Based Salted-Dried Seafood Product

Our aim is to contribute to the valorization and optimization of a salted-dried seafood product prepared from small-spotted catshark (Scyliorhynus canicula) akin to “litão seco,” the high-priced, traditional dried blackmouth catshark (Galeus melastomus). This work focused on studying the changes in physicochemical and microbiological parameters of S. canicula salted (for 3 h or 24 h) and dried (convection oven for 24 h or tray drier for 3 h). As expected, salting and drying reduced the water content and water activity, while chloride content in fillets increased. Also, significant but distinct changes in color, namely CIE L* and b*, were observed. Total viable counts were significantly reduced in the salted-dried shark, but the later still presented Staphylococcus aureus, though at marginally acceptable, non-hazardous levels. The abundance of yeasts was reduced by 3 log(cfu/g) in samples oven-dried for 24 h but only by 0.8 log after 3 h in the tray-drier. From our results, salted-dried S. canicula has the required physicochemical characteristics and microbiological quality to be apt for human consumption and is a suitable candidate for becoming a traditional seafood product comparable to “litão seco.”     

诱导始期、温度和历期对松毛虫赤眼蜂滞育诱导及解除滞育的影响

为实现赤眼蜂滞育技术在工厂化生产中的应用,在实验室条件下测定了诱导始期(卵期,幼虫前期、中期、后期,预蛹初期)、温度(8、10、12和14℃)及诱导历期(10、20、30和40 d)对松毛虫赤眼蜂Trichogramma dendrolimi滞育诱导的作用,并对其解除滞育的条件进行了探索。结果表明:松毛虫赤眼蜂从卵期到预蛹初期均可被诱导滞育,以幼虫中期诱导效果最佳。12℃为诱导松毛虫赤眼蜂滞育的最适温度,12℃下诱导滞育20 d,松毛虫赤眼蜂即可进入稳定的滞育状态,滞育率达97.4%。赤眼蜂滞育后,需经过一段时间的低温后才能完成滞育发育。滞育松毛虫赤眼蜂在3℃条件下储藏70 d,解除滞育率达95.9%,3℃条件下经历各储存时间的滞育解除率均高于0℃。     

全膜垄作侧播栽培模式下主要旱作马铃薯品种营养品质综合评价

在定西半干旱黄土丘陵区,通过大田试验研究了全膜垄作侧播模式下甘引1号、甘引2号、黑美人、新大坪、青薯9号、庄薯3号、陇薯6号、定薯1号、青薯168等9个主栽马铃薯品种的营养品质性状差异,并采用模糊数学的隶属函数法和因子分析法综合评价了各品种的营养品质,以期为甘肃马铃薯主产区优质马铃薯品种选择提供科学依据。结果表明,全膜垄作侧播栽培技术模式下,9个马铃薯品种综合营养品质顺序依次是甘引1号甘引2号黑美人新大坪青薯9号庄薯3号陇薯6号=定薯1号青薯168。     

饲养方式对城口山地鸡生长及部分肉质指标的影响

探讨饲养方式对城口山地鸡生长性能及部分肉质指标的影响,以期为选取城口山地鸡适宜的饲养方式提供理论依据.将600只体况相近的1日龄健康城口山地鸡(公母各半)作为试验鸡,随机分成两组,一组采用放养的饲养方式,另一组采用舍饲的饲养方式,每组设5个重复,各60只.饲喂至4月龄时,分别从每个重复中随机抽取6只(公母各半),每组共30只鸡(公母各半)进行屠宰,取肉样,测定并比较生长性能、物理性状和肉质营养成分等指标.结果表明:饲养方式对4月龄城口山地鸡生长性能和肌肉营养成分的影响无统计学意义(p0.05);物理性状方面,饲养方式对4月龄城口山地鸡公鸡胸肌pH值影响差异有统计学意义(p0.05),对公鸡胸、腿肌的L*值,a*值影响差异有统计学意义(p0.05),对其他性状影响差异无统计学意义(p0.05).饲养方式对4月龄城口山地鸡生长性能和肌肉营养成分的影响均无统计学意义,而根据舍饲效率更高、成本较低、便于管理的特点,笔者认为饲养城口山地鸡至4月龄时使用舍饲方式较适宜.     

基于土地整治的山地丘陵区耕地质量潜力测算

准确地识别土地整治改良因素和科学地测算耕地质量潜力对耕地质量建设具有重要意义.本研究基于我国现有的耕地质量评价体系,分析土地整治工程措施对山地丘陵区耕地质量的影响,提出了一套服务于山地丘陵区土地整治的耕地质量提升潜力测算方法;并通过准确识别土地整治改良因素,确定提升方案,测算了重庆市綦江区耕地质量提升潜力.结果显示:1)研究区现状国家利用等指数区间为648.02~1 659.33,整治后国家利用等指数区间为761.81~1 783.04,耕地质量平均可提高0.79个利用等;2)得到的现状耕地利用等指数与折算为基准作物的实际产量的相关性(R~2=0.895 0)大于农用地分等成果(R~2=0.797 4);3)高潜力分等单元主要分布在地势较为平坦、水源较为充足的丘陵地带,整治重点是提高农民生产生活条件;低潜力分等单元主要分布在陡坡中山地带和有石灰岩分布的喀斯特丘陵区,整治重点为防止水土流失与保护生态环境.本研究提供的潜力测算方法适应了差别化土地整治需求,保证了测算结果的真实性和潜力实现的可行性,可为山地丘陵区土地整治耕地质量潜力测算提供参考.不同的地质地貌类型,耕地质量提升的核心因子有所差异,土地整治的工程措施应有侧重点.